Abstract

Since its inception, Pakistan has always remained an important player in the South Asian politics due to its geographical location and strategic position. The war against terror affected the whole world generally and South Asia particularly. After the 9/11 attacks, the United States came into Afghanistan along with allied forces which pushed militants from Afghanistan to take refuge in nearby places. Due to close proximity and vulnerable borders, many of these militants entered Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which resulted in a huge growth of militancy and extremism in the whole region. On the other side due to close collaboration with the United States in the war against terror, Pakistan suffered more in terms of lives, infrastructure, and the economy as compared to the forces combating terrorism in Afghanistan. This influx of militancy and extremism drove Pakistan to take measures against the advancement of militancy. Forceful strikes from Pakistan security forces on one side shook the structure of militants but on the other side resulted in a huge number of displacement. In the recent wave of displacement from the North Waziristan Agency, people suffered a lot, but later on, the Pakistani government, with the help of the local population and humanitarian agencies, overcome their difficulties and still trying to facilitate and rehabilitate them as soon as their areas became clear of the menace.  .

Key Words

North Waziristan Agency, TDPs Crises, Relief Work, Military Operations, Terrorism

Introduction

In 2001, when the Twin Towers were crashed down by the terrorists in the United States, the Americans blamed Al-Qaeda for the attacks, and soon after, US forces along with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces landed in Afghanistan to destroy Al-Qaeda and its allies. US left other states to determine whether "you are with us or against us" (Douglas Kellner, 2003). Pakistan was also amongst the states to make a choice.

Quickly after the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) airstrikes on Afghanistan, many of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants crossed the Porous border with Pakistan's Federal Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and started reorganizing. Due to close similarities of culture and traditions, they were welcomed in FATA. The weak political and administrative system of tribal areas provided them the opportunity to install a parallel system in those areas. To make Pakistan stand-alone, they had developed a "state of terror" (Saleem, 2014). Due to the weak administrative and political structure, the Khasadars and Levies failed to handle them.

Pakistan lost a good deal in this war in terms of lives and infrastructure. The administration tried every single option to curtail the militants and agreed upon dialogues several times but in vain. Since 2004 Pakistani establishment concluded several peace agreements with the Taliban, for instance, with Naik Muhammad in 2004 (Ali, 2012), with Baitullah Mehsud in 2005 (Matthews, 2009), with Sufi Muhammad of Tahreek-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM), and Mulla Fazalullah in 2008 (Zafar, 2011), the latest in the series with Tehreek e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) Gul Bahadur and Tribal leaders in 2014 but the agreement was soon breached as was in the past. As a result, military operation (ZARB-E-AZAB) was launched in 2014 in the North Waziristan Agency. Pakistan was under huge pressure from the big powers and neighboring states to take drastic steps against the militants in the region as they had declared this belt of FATA as the “Safe Heavens” for the terrorists. With the beginning of the operation, huge migration started from the region. Bannu was the first stopover for these Temporary Displaced Persons (TDPs) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Quoting official data at Bannu Registration Centre, 993,166 TDPs are registered, 70% among them are women and children. Only 61 families have decided to stay in Baka Khel TDPs Camp Bannu (PRCS, 2014).




Rise of Terrorism in Pakistan

After the US-led operation against War on Terror, the Taliban from Afghanistan moved towards the nearby countries for survival. Being a clear policy against the Taliban, Iran was not an option for them to infiltrate. In such situations, the Taliban had no other option but to migrate into Pakistan’s border areas. And they live under the system of Pashtunwali, a common code of moral and legal system (Ahmad, 2010). These similarities of culture and traditions provided a damp soil for the militants to reorganize and expand their themes and ideas. Another thing of concern for the forces fighting against terrorism was the Pashtuns areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially FATA and Quetta, which had shown sympathies with the Taliban. (Kronstadt, 2007). 

Soon the militants became so organized that they even challenged the writ of the government in areas like Swat, South Waziristan Agency (SWA), and North Waziristan Agency. The situation became more severe when the military was involved in the containment of militants. Taliban and Al-Qaida declared war against Pakistan Army and all other agencies and institutions. Besides that, the militants not refrain their selves from targeting common citizens, minorities, religious places, public gatherings, and political parties, etc. The situation remained uglier during 2007-2013. Pakistan security, peace, and stability were at stake; it had no option but to take drastic action against the militants to eliminate them along with their roots, supporters, masterminds, and facilitators. In June 2014, Pakistan political leadership and Military decided to start Operation Zarb-e-Azab. 

The militancy and terrorism in Pakistan took birth after the invasion of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and the migration of Afghans to FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Former Communist power USSR invaded Afghanistan in December 1979 to support the communist regime and advancement in the region. After sensing a security threat from the Western part, Pakistan joined the US-led proxy war against the Communist Block in the region. ISI and CIA motivated the feelings of Pashtuns against the Red Army to join the Holy War (Ziring, 2005). The training was provided to the fighters in camps and Madrassas. During the 1982-1988, 1.6 million Mujahidin were trained in these camps and Madrassas (Hilali, 2005). US, the ideological enemy of the USSR, sponsored the war and provided a huge amount of funds and weapons. To escalate the resistance, Mujahidin were provided about $3.5 Billion and 65,000 tons of weapons by the US government (Rubin, 1995). With the decline of the USSR, civil war broke out amongst the Pashtun’s warlords, which turned the situation more chaotic. After all Taliban, a Pashtun majority group, dominated over all the insurgents and established their government. This war turned havoc for Pakistan because more than 2.5 million Afghan Refugees migrated to Pakistan, of whom more than 80% were Pashtuns --- With them, many militants and their masterminds have also flowed. According to UNHCR 2005 report, there are 3,049,268 Afghan Refugees still residing inside Pakistan; amongst them, 60% are residing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. American and other sponsors involved in the Afghan war left these Guerrillas left behind without any restrictions. Pakistan became the only state to deal with these residuals. 

Meanwhile, in September 2001, Twin Tower crashed, and America alleges Osama Bin Ladin for planning these attacks; and after getting support from all around the world, the US demanded his handing over. Taliban refused and demanded for proof to be provided against the involvement of Bin Ladin in the matter. Dawn, in 2001, reported Mulla Zaeef's comments that it was against our faith to hand over bin Ladin. After an official approval from the United Nations, America, along with NATO forces, attacked the "enemies of world peace ."After a minimal resistance Taliban left all the major provinces and started the migration to nearby safe places. These militants easily migrated to the adjacent area in Pakistan. Pashtuns of both sides the border enjoy close relations across the borders and feel no pain while crossing the border. They enjoy this freedom all the time, before, during the Soviet invasion, and so after the attacks of ISAF. Arab, Chechen, Tajik and Afghan militants migrated to Pakistan tribal areas. During 2004 the Talibanization in this region began. The evil soon spread to the whole tribal areas like Kurram, Bajaur, Mohmand Agencies and united under the umbrella of TTP. They became involved in attacks over Pakistan forces, nationals, and institutions. No place remained secure; even they were about to capture Islamabad, the Capital of Pakistan. Suicide attacks, bomb blasts, target killing, kidnapping, smuggling became their main business.

The most secure area for their presence was FATA, where the life was under the ancient customs and traditions and where law and order were under the ill Frontier Crime Regulations (FCR) system. The atmosphere was ideal for their nourishment, and they tremendously exploited the situations in their favor.

Fata became Hotbed of Terrorism

Though the Western governments and Media frequently mentioned the relationship between Taliban and Al-Qaeda in the same context. The Militants relationship and their behaviour can be understood from their origins where they flourish and their nature of activities and targets in the post 9/11 scenario. Al-Qaida being an international and well-resourced organization flourished the movement of Talibanization in Afghanistan. The "peace restoration" operation in Afghanistan greatly influenced the nexus between Al-Qaida and TTP in FATA. The involvement of NATO and ISAF in the mission to eliminate these militants out of the Afghan peninsula provided an opportunity for these two different organizations to work together. Al-Qaida, with its Think Tank, became the backbone of the TTP manpower. 

The TTP formation in Pakistan Tribal areas was never coincident. After the ISAF strikes in Afghanistan, many of the Taliban and Al-Qaida militants came to these areas as. The presence of FATA and Baluchistan along the Durand Line provided them an opportunity to accommodate themselves in these mountaineer areas. The passages and hideouts in these mountains were commonly known to the local tribal people in the region, which were the well-wishers of these organizations being "Mujahidin ."The Helmand Mountains provided an opening to TTP and Al-Qaida to enter to Noshki-Chaghai region of Baluchistan, where they have found the locals sympathetic (BBC.com, 2008). Their hold on Kandahar also gave them an advantage to infiltrate into Pakistan’s one of the biggest city Quetta; even several reports indicated the presence of Mullah Umar and its Shora in Quetta (Schmitt and Mazzetti, 2009). Similarly, they used the Kakar mountain pass North of Kandahar to get shed inside FATA (BBC.com, 2008). Paktia and Khost, Afghan provinces, are adjacent to North Waziristan Agency in Pakistan. (Rana and Gunaratna, 2008). South Waziristan Agency shares its boundaries with Afghan Province Paktika. Where there is a large base of ISAF in the Barmal region. The Militants possess their strong bases in Kandahar, Paktika provinces and when there is an operation in these regions against them they infiltrate inside Pakistan. There are 243 hidden illegal ways between NWA and Afghanistan, and only five checkpoints are present on the border.

The other region provided safety and encouragement to Taliban nourishment in Pakistan was the mountainous region of Shawal. The famous Shawal valley of NWA is adjacent to the Afghan region Tora Bora well renowned for Osama Bin Ladin and his right hand Al-Zawahiri. The valley is known for criminal activities and minimal law enforcement. Pakistan law enforcement agencies had a limited say in the area even before the rise of the Taliban. A great number of people from the area were alleged to be involved in unlawful acts like kidnapping, Car snatching, smuggling, opium trade, etc. (Shahzad, 2004). The atmosphere provided militants an opportunity to motivate the locals against the allied forces on the point of difference of ideologies and religious explanations. Tribal leaders in the area openly welcomed the foreigners and provided them with logistic and human resources. Shawal being a mountainous and a natural hardcover place, remained a difficult ground for the Pakistani soldiers to surge. 

With all these militant saturated areas, FATA remained a dangerous place in the eyes of the coalition forces. After scrubbing militants from different Agencies, the safe havens of NWA (Indian Express, 2014) became the lost objective to be accomplished by the Pakistan army as this was a huge demand from all around the world, especially from the US, Afghanistan, and India. June 15. 2014, Pakistan Army entered NWA. The operation was named Operation Zarb-e-Azb (?????? ???? ???) means sharp and cutting strike, it is also referring the famous sword of the prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), which he used in the battles of Badr and Uhud (Dunya News, 2014).

Composite Military Operations

Before going for this operation, Pakistan security forces engaged in several military operations against militants. Most of the operations were conducted in FATA, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In the first place, Pak Army went for Nek Muhammad and his tribe in South Waziristan Agency in 2002. In 2004, marched towards Mehsud tribe led by Bait Ullah Mehsud and Gul Bahadur, Taliban leader in NWA, but the campaign was ended in the form of a peace deal between Pakistan security forces and the tribes (USA Today, 2005). Soon the peace deal was broken by the militant groups in SWA and Pakistan army to restart the operation in 2007 against the Mehsud tribe. In June 2008 Khyber Agency and in July 2008 Bajaur Agency saw military operations. Military launched another operation in Islamabad against the administration of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) for their involvement in pro-Taliban demonstrations and anti-state activities. The operation resulted in protests and demonstrations all over in Pakistan. TTP successfully manipulated the youth of Madrassas, and a huge number of these youngsters went in the hands of TTP. With support from across the border TTP successfully spread to all over FATA, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Baluchistan and Southern Punjab (BBC News, 2009). Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi (TNSM) was formed in Swat to impose Sharia under the leadership of Sufi Muhammad and Mullah Fazlullah. However, the TNSM became a symbol of hatred in Swat and all over the world after their brutal behaviour against the local people and government officials. Operation Rah-e-Haq became the ultimate salvation for the people of Swat and Pakistan.

The behaviour, actions, and propaganda of militants and their links with foreign powers compel Pakistan political parties, military leadership, and religious factions to set up a united strategy to strengthen Pakistan and bring back respect and global endurance towards Islam and Muslims. 

World and Local Opinion for Operation Zarb-E-AZAB

Before starting the operation, Pakistan was facing great pressure from the local population as well as from the world leaders and states. Public opinion was very much in favour of a military operation against TTP and all other terrorist organizations. People want to come out of fear and terror. Although the military operations in other agencies of FATA were fruitful NWA was considered as their hub and safe haven. The world public opinion was also in favour of the military operation in North Waziristan Agency. The US being a major factor in the war against terror several times demanded for military operation in NWA, Similarly, India and China also demanded from Pakistan to dismantle the militants and their strongholds in FATA and especially in North Waziristan Agency. In 2014 US Congress linked the military assistance to Pakistan with the military operation in NWA. In the time of former chief of army staff General (R) Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, who led the armed forces for six very difficult years, successfully absorbed the pressure and never wanted to open another front of military engagement (Abbasi, 2014). On the other side US and NATO greatly depended on Pakistan for their NATO supply through Pakistani routes, they want to secure and smooth the supply through Pakistan into Afghanistan and to destroy Haqqani Network in North Waziristan. Drone strikes were the ultimate way to secure those objectives for the time being but had no encouraging impacts.

After the operation started, it was appreciated locally as well as internationally. Pakistani population showed great enthusiasm for the Pakistan military, and the whole political, religious factions endorsed the operation. While talking to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and former Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Guterres, Raza Rabbani, Acting President, and Chairman Senate, said that the entire nation and all political wings are backing military operation in NWA. He added that the state is committed to eliminating the curse of terrorism and militancy from our society, and the international actors, especially West, should consider the difficulties Pakistan is going through (Daily Times, 2015). Imran Khan, leader of the second popular political party; Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), and their government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa also endorsed the operation and criticized US Congress for linking the Coalition Support Fund with the military operation in NWA (Sherazi, 2014). Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Raheel Sharif said while addressing the Apex Committee meeting, “there is no other option but to eliminate all the militants and extremists without gauging the cost and effect”. ISPR said, to combat militancy and terrorism, National Action Plan (NAP) has been approved recently, constituting Apex committees at the provincial level with both political and military leadership to start the implementation of the NAP (Pakistantoday, 2015). 




Beginning of Zarb-E-Azab Operation in NWA

On June 15, 2014, at 01:30 PST, PAF combat jets started attacks over the hideouts of militants in Datta Khel and Degan of North Waziristan Agency (Singh, 2015). Later on, Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) confirmed that Pakistan armed forces had launched a composite operation Zarb-e-Azb “on the directions of governmental authorities against local as well as foreign militants without any discrimination. Pakistan Prime Minister Mia Muhammad Nawaz Sharif affirmed in National Assembly on June 16, 2014, “to restore peace and stability operation Zarb-e-Azb was the last resort, and it will continue till the elimination of the last militant from the soil of Pakistan ."The immediate cause for Zarb-e-Azb was the militants attack on Karachi Airport on June 8, 2014, which resulted in 33 deaths, including all the ten attackers. The responsibility was claimed by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. General Raheel Sharif, COAS, June 16 emphasized the demilitarization of the region without any care for the "Good" and "Bad" Taliban. He added that the operation isn't against our own local tribal people but against every terrorist and extremist (Singh, 2015). The operation is the three-tier strategy:

i. Evacuation of the local population from NWA

ii. Elimination of terrorists

iii. Restoration of government`s writ

Before launching the operation, governmental authorities directed the local people of NWA to leave the area. A large number of people started the migration, and during three days, nearly one million people left NWA and sheltered in Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Karak and Peshawar, etc. The government has also established a TDPs camp for the people with all necessities. People were ensured that the operation would end soon and soon they would return home. According to Khawaja Asif, Federal Defence Minister, "we will try to complete the operation in NWA as soon as possible” (Singh, 2015).

The migration of population from the North Waziristan Agency started at the beginning of 2014 when they felt that there could be a military operation in the near future. The PAF strikes on the militant’s hideouts ensured them the forthcoming military operation. Many of the people started the migration to nearby districts and towns. Markets became closed and the business activities also. Officials said that after the airstrikes, some 500 families left the area and settled in Bannu (Pakobserver, 2015). In June, before the operation Zarb-e-Azab, curfew was relaxed for local peoples to migrate towards safe places. People, along with their belongings shifted to different areas in immeasurable situations. Many of the people traveled on their feet; several died due to hot weather and shortage of water and food. Some two hundred Hindu and Christian families also migrated from NWA and took refuge in a school where the government and UNHCR are looking after them. According to a UN correspondent, 80 percent of the migrants were settled, who were struggling for survival in Bannu.

After a formal request from the Pakistani authorities on June 23, 2014, UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies responded to the displaced persons. These agencies provided tents, kits, mats, blankets, mosquito nets, kitchen accessories, soaps, sanitary cloths, and plastic sheets. Mata ul Hussin Changaizi, Assistant Field Officer for UNHCR, said that UN and other NGOs are providing food items, health services, water, sanitation, and shelters to the Temporary Displaced Persons. Although at the beginning there was some discoordination in the aid for TDPs, later on the thing were smoothed down, and now nearly every family is getting ration, health care facilities, and funds from the government. 

North Waziristan Agency Temporary Displaced Persons

Temporary Displaced Persons were those people who left their homes and cities due to any disaster, danger, or threat inside state territories (ICRS, 2014). Being compelled to escape your home doesn't simply mean losing the rooftop over your head. It's about losing your association with your family, to your income source to your fields, your work environment, for instance, it's about losing access to the system of individuals around you who you would normally approach in times of hardship. When you have fled due to any threat, you might experience isolation and further mishandling. These were the factors that made uprooted populace helpless. Numerous TDPs don't look for asylum in camps; however, they get shelter with receiving families and groups. Some might move to urban areas where they mix into urban zones. In strife zones specifically, access for TDP populaces to humanitarian help was frequently troublesome. Frequently, access to TDP needs or camps were controlled by state actors, unwilling to permit free access for humanitarian associations. Also, on large scale natural catastrophes, access to displaced persons can be seriously hampered by the physical obstacles due to enormous infrastructure harms, remoteness of the areas, and absence of proper transport.




What Temporary Displaced Persons Need?

National powers bear the essential obligation to avoid and react to temporary displacement. However, if the government can't or is unwilling to satisfy its commitments, then it must permit compassionate humanitarian organizations to access the groups in need. TDPs need essential goods and services, i.e., food, clean water, health services, and shelter (UNOCHA, 2016). They require governmental and non-governmental support to observe take care and ensure the needs of their families. Training, education, pay producing activities, and documentation which will permit them to proclaim their rights were all essential elements for TDPs to reinsure their identity and dignity. The more time people live in displacement, the more it takes them to re-manufacture their lives in peace and security, and the more helpless they will be. 




When Displacement Come to an End?

TDPs have the privilege to conclude their time of relocation in the following three ways (UNOCHA, 2016).

1. To settle somewhere else in the nation; 

2. To harmonize into the group where they are right now based; or

3. To return home. 

The philanthropic groups generally called these choices as “Durable Solutions”. 

TDPs have the privilege to consider choices about their own particular future, and they might require help with their decision. The choices of when, where, and how to end their time of displacement must be intentional and done in security and dignity. 




What are the Rights of Temporary Displaced Persons?

TDPS has the very same rights, whatever other natives of the nation has. The “Directing Principles on Temporary Displacement” set out the rights and ensure the assurance to TDPs in all periods of displacement during displacement and also enduring answers for their displacement. 

The standards underline the obligation of state authorities to give insurance and compassionate help to inside displaced persons within its boundaries. 

Although The Guiding Principles were not binding legally; however, these principles were drawn from the human rights exist in Universal Human Rights Declaration and International Law that is legitimately binding on states to follow.




Suffering of North Waziristan Agency Tdps

Hardships tested the un-tried faculties of individuals when they were forced and constrained against their will. The pain of the Temporary Displaced Persons, who may be bare feet, weighted with family burdens, went under the shadow of the uncertainty of environment and circumstances, and loss of their property, respect, and even life can never be felt under normal conditions. Under any circumstance, it gets to be hard to watch procedural necessities of administrators because of weak institutional plans. 

The general population of NWA was frightful due to their decade long experiences of resolute fundamentalists, fanatics, and aggressors. Subsequent to the beginning of operation Zarb-e-Azab against the activists in North Waziristan, officials uncovered that more than 450,000 individuals would lose their residences, with numerous coming to the adjacent region Bannu. Moreover, many people left their homes when the process of negotiation between the government and militants came to an end without any results. The Jirga members, who assumed their part in setting up peace in North Waziristan, declineddeclined to meet Prime Minister, on his visit to a camp for TDPs at Ban; however,setting the strategy of the negotiation and the beginning of the military operation before the pronounced due date. The head of North Waziristan Jirga states, “We were given 15 days by the political administration to banish militants from the territory, however the operation started before time”. 

It's not the first occasion when the individuals of FATA dislodged, social structures broke, children and ladies suffered and starved; it's all happening in FATA for the past decade, referring to the circumstance after past military operations and militant activities, an accomplished social worker from Bajaur clarified this circumstance, by saying that Almost 37,000 families experienced tense enlistment process at exist points from North Waziristan. To get the relief package declared by central government and other organizations, is conveyed with the help of Pakistan Army and World Food Program (WFP); these TDPs needs to pass the registration process initiated by National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA).

The judicious evaluation demonstrates that more than 40% of remaining in line can't get relief packages due to their missing records or lacking identity verification. People needed to validate that they were also human beings to get necessary things to survive, such as water, food, and shelters, said an TDP while remaining in line. People of Pakistan suffered numerous times natural and man-made disasters, particularly after the 2005 Earthquake. As a result, and to cope with the situation, Disaster Management Authority have been built up, and the institutions now have enough experience to manage such crisis. Committing the same errors that state authorities made glues questions upon their credit, credibility, and capacity (Chaudhry, 2016). For instance, one million individuals uprooted from North Waziristan seem, by all accounts, to be the principal sufferers of the continuous political emergency in the state, in light of the fact that neither the Federal government nor the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government is by all accounts willing to accept them. While the incident of police action against protestors at a relief camp in Bannu, both the PML-N and the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) had been attempted to pass on the obligation of caring for the TDPs to one another. 

Talking to people in general meetings in Sahiwal, the PTI leader went ahead to say that the TDPs had deliberately been kept in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to make issues for the PTI-drove administration of the area. On the opposite side, Information Minister Pervez Rashid projected that dealing with the TDPs was the obligation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government. He said that the government was just expected to give funds needed to deal with the situation. Those statements came when Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police turned baton-charge and aerial firing on TDPs, to scatter the protesters at a food distribution centre in Bannu. Later on police taken more than 90 TDPs into custody and took them to the Bannu jail, and filed a case against them. After all, the arrested persons were discharged on bail conceded by a nearby court after intervention of the high-ups. (Wasim, 2014). It was also being shocking that Chief Minister Sind, Qaim Ali Shah while tending to an iftaar party, said that Temporary Displaced Persons won't be permitted to enter the domain of Sindh though help camps have been set up at the fringes of Sindh. He emphasized that TDPs won't be permitted to enter because, during the Swat operation, numerous individuals who attempted to enter Sindh were involved in terrorist activities (Soul, 2016).

The Process of Rehabilitation

FATA Disaster Management Authority had set up a camp in the Frontier Region, while the Provincial Disaster Management Authority had made relief camp at Kasho range of Bannu area; every basic facility was accessible at the TDPs camps however, many people selected to host with relatives. About security circumstances, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chief Minister said the record of each dislodged family is legitimately kept up and that the security-related matters would be taken into account. He said that the administration had given free transport to individuals migrated from Waziristan. About help for TDPs, the Chief Minister said each separated family would get Rs. 7, 000 every month, while the onetime Rs. 5, 000 would be given to buy non-nourishment things. He said additionally, free treatment would likewise be given to TDPs in hospitals. In the interim, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Governor Sardar Mahtab Ahmad Khan and Government States and Frontier Regions Minister Lt-Gen (r) Abdul Qadir Baloch together assessed courses of action for the help and protection of TDPs from North Waziristan 




Government`S Aid to TDPS

The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had transferred the services of 18 specialists and 45 attendants to Bannu and connecting areas to give the best medicinal services to the dislodged individuals of North Waziristan Agency. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Health Department's Deputy Director and Human Resources, delegated 18 specialists and 45 attendants from Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH), and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) Peshawar to Bannu and to other areas to give the best health services to NWA TDPs in camps, Basic Health Units (BHUs) and in hospitals. The expert included medications, analysts, gynaecologists, child specialists, therapists, and other doctors working day and night by giving free Health Facilities to TDPs and their poor siblings including sickly infants and ladies. Soon these specialists and attendants have begun performing obligations in various health camps, BHUs, and medical centres of Bannu, Tank, Lakki Marwat, and Karak, where an immense number of TDPs had relocated. Doctors and other medical staff were additionally put at the disposal of administration of Khalifa Gulnawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, District Headquarters Hospitals Lakki Marwat, DI Khan, and Karak to care for the migrants. Patients with genuine sicknesses were being dealt at Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital Bannu, where all significant medical facilities were accessible. X-rays, and lab tests of these patients are free of cost. Executive General, Health Services Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Director Health Services managing the health operations in TDPs camps in Bannu, Karak, DI Khan, and Lakki Marwat. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government-endorsed Rs. 200 million for provision of necessary medicines while the necessary transfer of the doctors been made to Bannu to beat the deficiency of specialists in hospitals. Eleven medicinal camps in Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, and Lakki Marwat Districts have been setup to help TDPs; five camps in Bannu, four in Dera Ismail Khan, and two in Lakki Marwat were additionally helping (Rehman, 2014).

According to SAFRON 92,702 families consisting of 992,649 individuals have been displaced; they were residing in different districts: 

i. District Bannu (Almost 80%).

ii. District DI. Khan (5%)

iii. District Lakki Marwat (6%)

iv. District Karak (1%), 

v. District Hangu (262 families only) and 

vi. All over the country (7%) approximately

To provide maximum relief to the affected families' Federal government had provided SAFRON an amount of Rs. 2.0 Billion, which had been distributed through FDMA. Cash amount is distributed through Zong Telecommunication Company, which has provided 65,000 SIM cards to the TDPs. 

• Besides, different government institutions are also assisting the NWA TDPs;

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has provided 2,000 tents.

• PASSCO 60,000 Ton wheat through WFP.

• Government of Punjab provided 50 trucks food items worth Rs. 200 million (SAFRON, 2014).

The government and peoples of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were very enthusiastic to welcome and host TDPs from North Waziristan Agency. The Chief Minister said that TDPs are our guests, and we will take care of them in a befitting way. He said that we have learned in regards to the operation in NWA somewhat late, yet we have made satisfactory courses of action for the stay, and needs of TDPs in a brief period. He added that they have instantly discharged Rs.350 million for TDPs while party workers will likewise extend every step to help them inside as well outside the camps, polio groups have additionally been deputed for the TDPs children before entering other areas. The Chief Minister expressed that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is confronting a war like circumstance. He said that the government has guaranteed Rs.500 million and NDMA Rs.100 million for the TDPs and a relief package of Rs.7 thousand per month for every family, while each family entering the area will be given Rs.5 thousand for one-time non-food items (Pakobserver. 2014). 

Monthly Stipend

According to SAFRON issue every displaced family has been provided a food bag in accordance to the size of family and a stipend of Rs. 12,000 per month besides one time Rs. 20,000 after their first arrival. On the other side to help the suffered individuals Punjab government had announced a stipend of 7,000, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government also announced Rs. 7,000 per month for each family (Dawn, 2014) alongside with free higher education, free hostel facilities, and a Rs. 5,000 student stipend for each enrolled student inside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa universities. International organizations have also extended their hands of support regarding the present influx of displaced people in Pakistan. The World Bank affirmed a $75 million credit for Pakistan, the larger part of which will be dispensed among TDPs as a monetary stipend for encouraging their return to homes from the camps and host regions. Around 87% of the $75 million advance will be utilized as cash to around 120,000 or more than 33% of the families affected due to the ongoing operation in tribal territories. Every family will get Rs. Forty-nine thousand aid in two stages. Families who will get the aid through World Bank project "FATA Temporarily Displaced Persons Emergency Recovery Project" are from five FATA agencies, i.e. North Waziristan, South Waziristan, Orakzai, Kurram, and Khyber. According to Rachid Benmessaoud, World Bank Country Director for Pakistan, this initiative will better the capacities of government response to such situations in the future.




Establishment of Ration Points

In district Bannu several ration camps were

established. During the crises, the following

camps were working in district Bannu.

i. Bannu Sports Complex (for Mir Ali Sub-Division)

ii. Government Degree College Mamash Khel (for Miranshah Sub-Division)

iii. Government Teacher Training Institute Ghoriawala Bannu (for Razmak Sub-Division).

iv. Government Commerce College No.2, DI. Khan road ration point

v. Baka Khel relief camp ration point

vi. Akram Durrani College, Bannu Ration point.

In all these ration points, necessary relief items such as food, oil, grains, cereals, clothes, mats, tents, etc., are provided on a scheduled basis to all registered TDPs. People are divided into the ration points, and different regions have been allotted their specific ration point from where only they can take the relief goods. Besides government-established ration camps, many humanitarian agencies and political parties’ humanitarian wings were also distributing live essential goods amongst the displaced families. 

The principle institution to coup with the situation FDMA is providing the following item to the TDPs inside Ration Camps (Srsp.org.pk, 2016).

Food Items Package as per Single Family

Table 1. Food Items package

S. No	Food Items	Unit	Quantity
1	Rice Saila	Kg	5
2	Sugar	Kg	2
3	Pulses Lobia	Kg	2
4	Pulses Dal Mash	Kg	2
5	Pulses Dal Channa	Kg	2
6	Black Tea	Kg	1
7	Mix Handi Masala	GMS	250
8	Salt	Kg	1
9	Milk	250ml Pack	27
10	Wheat Flour	Kg	20
11	Ghee	Kg	5

 

Non Food Items Package as Per Single Family

Table 1. Non-Food Items

S. No	Food Items	Unit	Quantity
1	Plastic Floor Mat (Room Size)	No	2
2	Kitchen Set (10 Persons)	No	1
3	Plastic Buckets	No	2
4	Jerry can	No	2
5	Mosquito Net	No	4
6	Hand Fan	No	5
7	Caps/Hats	No	6
8	Handkerchief	No	5
9	Match Box	Boxes	10

 

Hygiene Package as Per Single Family

Table 3. Hygiene Kit

S. No	Food Items	Unit	Quantity
1	Towel	No	2
2	Antibacterial Towel	No	6
3	Laundry Soap	KGS	2
4	Tooth Paste	No	2
5	Tooth Brush	No	10
6	Sanitary Cloth 1×1.5 meter	No	10
7	Comb Normal	No	2
8	Comb Lice	No	2
9	Plastic Jug (Lota)	No	2
10	Plastic Mug	No	2
11	Nails Cutter	No	2

 




Establishment of Tdps Camp At Baka Khel Fr Bannu




To settle down, the displacement Pakistani government established a relief camp at Baka Khel, Bannu. All necessary facilities and goods are provided in the camps. Food, water, shelter, security, and health facilities are provided, but due to threats from the militant’s great number of people avoided residing inside Baka Khel camp, besides Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Disaster Management Authority frequently asked and encouraged the displaced families to reside inside the camp (Aaj News, 2014).

Army personnel Brigadier Aftab declared that soon the Baka Khel camp would be turned into a model camp (Hamid & Ali, 2014). Lt. Gen. Muhammad Hamid Khan, Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS) Chairperson, visited the camp and reviewed the relief work. He declared the situations encouraging and said that the relief work should be continued inside as well as outside the camp till the return of TDPs to their homes (Pakobserver, 2016). According to SAFRON Baka Khel camp was managed with facilities like:

i.     Five large shelter tents.

ii.     Food Services

iii.     One dispensary

iv.     2 Ambulances with two Doctors (one male, one female) and staff.

v.     10 Lady Police officers

vi.     700 residential family tents

vii.     1000 more tents available at the camp

viii.     50 KVA transformer with complete Electrification

ix.     2 x 14.5 KV Standby Generator

x.     25 Washrooms/ toilets

xi.     A Tube well.

xii.     7200 Gallons water storage facility

xiii.     Mosque

xiv.     Medical Inspection Room

xv.     500 X 500 yards’ cattle area

xvi.     Children Park with slides, sea saw, and 13 Different types of swings.

xvii.     Fodder for cattle

xviii.     Water pond for animals

Government Efforts for Peaceful Repatriation of TDPS

Finally, after two years, FATA Disaster Management Authority has begun the second phase (Rehabilitation Phase) for the NWA TDPs to return to their local towns. Authorities said 142 families from Shah Meeri, Shashi Khel and Mirali enlisted themselves for repatriation. The primary stage is under process as per administration announcement, which confirmed March 31 as the day the repatriation procedure would start. At first, around 20,000 families from Mirali Subdivision would be repatriated to their region (The Express Tribune, 2015).

The process of repatriation began when families from Speenwam and Shaywa regions had effectively gone to their homes. After that, a sum of 99 groups of Eidak tribe left for North Waziristan Agency, of them, 24 families were living in Bakka Khel camp and 75 families outside the camp in various regions of Bannu. On the primary basis government had provided Rs. 25 000 stipends and Rs. 10 000 for transportation with food items of different sizes (depends on the size of family) to every family. According to FDMA December 30^th, 2015 Situation Report following relief assistance been provided to the people going to their homes,




 

Government Assistance to TDPs on their Return back Homes

Table 4. Government Assistance to tdps during their Return Back Homes

Agency	Company	TDP Received from FDMA		TDPs Uploaded by Companies		TDPs not Uploaded due to unavailability of Payment Instrument		TDPs Amount Disbursed		Pending Cases (User Limit Exceed/CNIC Expired/ Others)
		Transport Grant	Return Grant	Transport Grant	Return Grant	Transport Grant	Return Grant	Transport Grant	Return Grant	Transport Grant	Return Grant
Khyber	Telenor	28589	28544	26610	26591	1979	1953	26573	26048	37	543
	Mobilink	34,769	34,708	31,236	30,827	3,460	3,767	31236	30,827	0	0
Sub Total of Khyber		63,358	63,252	57,846	57,418	5,439	5,720	57,809	56,875	37	543
NWA	Zong	12,398	12,327	11,800	8,131	307	738	11,800	8,131	291	1,218
SWA	Mobilink	9,821	9,738	9,199	8,207	622	1,531	9,199	8,207	0	0
Orakzai	Ufone	534	522	487	389	47	133	487	242	0	147
Kurram	Mobilink	2,942	2,942	2,706	2,486	236	456	2,706	2,486	0	0
Total		89,053	88,781	82,038	76,631	6,651	8,578	82,001	75,941	328	1,908

 




In the second stage, the authorities said that around 100 families would leave the camp day by day for local towns. They said that the enlistment and all essential documentation of the TDPs had as of now been finished. More than 100,000 families dislodged from North Waziristan because of Zarb-e-Azab have been enrolled with the NADRA. The initial period of the repatriation had begun on March 31, 2015 (Dawn.com, 2015).




 

North Waziristan Agency TDPs Returned Home

Table 5

Return Details	Verified Return (A)	Un-Registered Return (B)	Total Families Return (A+B)	Polio Vaccination Done
Total Families Returned (from 31.03.2015 till 29.12.2015)	12956	4497	17453	28939
Return on 30.12.2015 (On-going)	35	80	115	181
Total North Waziristan Agency Return (from 31.03.2015 to 30.12.2015)	12991	4577	17568	29120

 




The process of repatriation and rehabilitation accelerated during January, and a huge number of displaced people reach their areas with the help of the government and armed forces. According to the ISPR a number of 108,503 of the total TDPs were returned homes due to successful completion of the operation in those areas. General Reheel Sharif COAS met with the tribal leaders and assured them that armed forces would stay in the area till the completion of the rehabilitation process and would facilitate the operation of affected displaced peoples on priority basis. He added that nearly 40% of displaced families were returned back homes in North Waziristan (Daily Times, 2016). Similarly, Major General Akhtar Jamil Rao expressed that the hard days of the TDPs are passed, they will be back home very soon, the operation is going successfully, and soon Army will clear the surface for the rehabilitation and a peaceful life. He assured that armed forces would continue its humanitarian activities all over the North Waziristan Agency (South Asian News Agency, 2015). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government has also distributed 1.16 billion assistances as a rehabilitation and compensation amongst the NWA TDPs (The Nation, 2015).

Regarding the future of the people, when the operation will end, and the rehabilitation process will complete, the government has already initiated different policies to bring these people towards development and modernization, to achieve this objective government has announced scholarships in higher education and free primary education for the effected displaced peoples, similarly practical and vocational education and training is provided through different institutions and NGOs to enhance abilities of NWA people and to turn this region into useful manpower. As an initiative, the Pakistan government with the collaboration of two United Nations organizations, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and International Labour Organization (ILO) initiated Community Resilience Project for the Displaced Families from NWA (Daily Times, 2016). On the first step, two hundred men and women from NWA TDPs residing in Bannu were taught trade skills, training, and employment facilitation. In his remarks on the advancement, UNDP Country Director, Marc-Andre Franche expounded that UNDP and ILO have been mutually working for Early Recovery Frameworks in the post-emergencies circumstances in Pakistan. The two Agencies were effectively teaming up under Community Restoration Group and there is a past filled with two organizations cooperating for employment regaining and recovery in the nation. He said in perspective of past work of ILO and UNDP on Labour Market Information and Analysis, Community Based Livelihood Recovery Program and continuous work on right on time restoration system for Pakistan, the present task will end up being another development which will encourage the impeded families from North-Waziristan in finding fair business opportunities.

Importance was given to preparing the greatest number of construction workers who may be required to participate in rehabilitation of the NWA, where the majority of the structures, houses, and other framework has been damaged. Aside from that, different instructional classes for women will be arranged to effectively take interest and learn new aptitudes for expanding family earnings. The prepared men and women will be supported for occupation by the ILO's current Emergency Employment Information Centre (EEIC) in Bannu District through employment seeking, setting up new entrepreneurs, and to equalize them on equal footing with the host communities. The EEIC has enlisted more than 900 men and women who seek to be utilized and encouraged more than 500 of them for various job opportunities. The undertaking is a piece of Community Restoration Cluster, mutually led by the Pakistani administration, UN, and other national and worldwide NGOs (Daily Times, 2016).

Conclusion

Displacement gives rise to many problems not only for those who became the victim of the

displacement but also for those who adjust and look after them. Involuntary displacement, especially during war times, causes more troubles for the vulnerable TDPs. The phase of NWA displacement put several questions on the management of the authorities by giving just 72 hours for vacating homes and shifting their belonging to other faraway safe places with minimum chances of getting transportation. Many NWA people left their homes bare feet in June when the heat was at maximum. After all, troubles when they reached checkpoints, they were searched and were asked for identification proofs. During this short notice of evacuation, any person can forget about his identification papers and even who needs his identification in his own land? 

Many of the NWA men are out of the country for jobs, and they have the understanding that women don't require any identification papers as they remained in their homes, but during the displacement, these women suffered a lot to prove that they are valid Pakistanis. It is true that militants can also migrate in the disguise of common people, but it was the duty of the government to set up a well-developed mechanism in order to differentiate.  

The magnitude and frequency of the TDPs in Pakistan during the last few years exceeded and likely to continue. Authorities have made arrangements in the camps but not outside, as particularly for the NWA TDPs, there was limited chance to settle down in government established camps as they were threatened for severe consequences by the militants. Official arrangement has never been proved enough to cope with the challenge on the initial phases. Humanitarian assistance to the displaced community on the initial stages was very crucial.  

Some basic needs were already covered by the government authorities and humanitarian agencies. However, the government fulfilled their commitments by providing them maximum care and facilities. It was also an important factor that during displacement, women and children are more vulnerable.

Temporary Displaced Persons were the nationals of the state, so they were treated on an equal basis. There rights, liberties and respect were protected. Pakistani administration has showed positivity by providing them free higher education and scholarships along with vocational and technical training to make them confident and useful for their own community and for the whole country.

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