SINOUS CONFLICT IN HYBRID WORLD WAR

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).07      10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).07      Published : Jun 2
Authored by : Saira Akram , Zohaib Ali Khan , Muqarrab Akbar

07 Pages : 58-70

References

  • Adam, S. (2018). “When China Rules the Web,” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com
  • Anand, V. (1999). Impact of technology on conduct of warfare. Strategic Analysis, 23(1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700169908455034
  • Aydintasbas, A., Dumoulin, M., Geranmayeh, E., & Oertel, J. (2022). Rogue NATO: The new face of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. 15th European Council on Foreign Relations. https://intelligence.weforum.org/monitor/latest-knowledge/3dc59e066c534dbaa00c48a3beff3410
  • Babel, W. (2022). Industry 4.0, China 2025, IoT (Internet of Things), AI. In Industry 4.0, China 2025, IoT: The Hype Around the World of Automation. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden., 7-46.
  • Bader, J. (2018, p. 101). US-China Relations: Is It Time to End the Engagement?. Brookings Institution. 100, 10. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/u-s-china-relations-is-it-time-to-end-the-engagement/
  • Brands, H., & Gaddis, J. L. (2021, p. 101). The new cold war: America, China, and the echoes of history. Foreign Aff., 100, 10.
  • Castiel, L. D. (2022). Health in the time of war and peace, in hybrid format. A saúde e a era da guerra e paz em formato híbrido. Cadernos de saude publica, 38(3), e00041222. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00041222
  • Castle, M. A. (2022). How do global trade rules evolve? Strategic sequencing in international economic law. Review of International Political Economy, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2022.2 099949
  • China, S. C. (2019, p. 2). China’s national defense in the New Era. State Council of China. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941d dc6d08408f502283d.html
  • Clinton, H. (2011). Economic Statecraft. Speech at the Economic Club of New York, New York City. 11
  • Corn, T. (2010, p. 5). Peaceful rise through unrestricted warfare. Grand strategy with Chinese characteristics. Small Wars Journal, 5, 1-48. https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/449-corn.pdf
  • Dannreuther, R. (2014, p. 23). International security. The contemporary agenda. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Denning, D. (2017, October 5). Cyberwar: How Chinese Hackers Became a Major Threat to The U.S. Newsweek; Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/chinese-hackers-cyberwar-us-cybersecurity-threat-678378
  • Ebrahimi, M., Gassama, S. K., & Yusoff, K. (2017). THE WAR AGAINST IRAQ BY THE COALITION OF THE WILLING; ITS LEGAL AND MORAL VALIDITY. PONTE International Scientific Research Journal, 73(10). https://doi.org/10.21506/j.ponte.2017.10.23
  • ErÅŸen, E. (2014). Rise of New Centres of Power in Eurasia: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2014.05.003
  • Esteban Merino, G. (2016). Global Tensions, Multipolarity and Power Blocs in a New Phase of the Crisis of World Order. Prospects for Latin America. GEOPOLITICAS-REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE ESPACIO Y PODER, 7(2), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.5209/GEOP.51951
  • Evstafiev, D. G., & Manoilo, A. V. (2021). Hybrid War as a Part of the Post-global World. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, 14(4), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-4-10
  • Flint, C., & Taylor, P. J. (2018, p. 31). Political geography. World-economy, nation-state and locality. Routledge.
  • Ghobakhloo, M. (2020). Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252(119869), 119869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869
  • Green, M. J., & Goodman, M. P. (2015). After TPP: the Geopolitics of Asia and the Pacific. The Washington Quarterly, 38(4), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660x.2015.1125827
  • Harris, M. X. (2020). Pakistan in the Era of Great Power Competition. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2016, p. 29). The contemporary spectrum of conflict: protracted, gray zone, ambiguous, and hybrid modes of war. The Heritage Foundation, 30.
  • Jabbour, E., Dantas, A., & Vadell, J. (2021). Da nova economia do projetamento à globalização instituída pela China. Estudos Internacionais: Revista de Relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 9(4), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p90-105
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167–214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Johnson, R. (2017). Hybrid War and Its Countermeasures: A Critique of the Literature. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29(1), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404770
  • Karaganov, S. (2018). The new Cold War and the emerging Greater Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2018.07.002
  • Kissinger, H. (2017). A Plan To Reshape NATO. In European Peace Movements and the Future of the Western Alliance. Routledge, 41-55.
  • Korybko, A. (2015). Hybrid wars. The indirect adaptive approach to regime change. The People’s Friendship University of Russia.
  • Letwin, O. (2021). China Vs America. A Warning. Biteback Publishing.
  • Liang, Q., & Xiangsui, W. (1999). Unrestricted warfare. Beijing. PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House Arts.
  • Liu, J. (2019, p.1). “Worries over Defense Budget Unwarranted,” China Daily. http://global.chinadaily.com.cn.
  • Manoj Kumar, M. V., Sastry, N. K. B., Moonesar, I. A., & Rao, A. (2022). Predicting Universal Healthcare Through Health Financial Management for Sustainable Development in BRICS, GCC, and AUKUS Economic Blocks. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.887225
  • Maser, E., & Strehse, J. S. (2021). Can seafood from marine sites of dumped World War relicts be eaten? Archives of Toxicology, 95(7), 2255–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03045-9
  • Merino, G. (2020, p. 71). La guerra mundial híbrida y el asesinato de Soleimani. Cuadernos de Pensamiento Crítico Latinoamericano,. (71)
  • Merino, G. E. (2022, p. 114). La guerra en Ucrania, un conflicto mundial. Revista Estado y Políticas Públicas (19), 113-140. https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/art_revistas/pr.15053/pr.15053.pdf
  • Merino, G. E. (2023). Hybrid World War and the United States–China rivalry. Frontiers in Political Science, 4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.1111422
  • Miller, C. (2022, p. 10). Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. New York.
  • Nilanthan, N. (2016). “How Hybrid Warfare Could Change Asia,” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com
  • Nye, J. (2015). The Future of Force. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/modern-warfare-defense-planning-by-joseph-s--nye-2015-02
  • Patel, S. S., & Erickson, T. B. (2022). The new humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: Coping with the public health impact of hybrid warfare, mass migration, and mental health trauma. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.70
  • Poch, R. (2022). Chinese success determines military tension. CTXT
  • Polovyi, M. (2021). Exploitation of the Right to Freedom of Expression for Promoting Pro-Russian Propaganda in Hybrid War. Politeja, 18(2(71)), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.71.09
  • Roland, D. (2017, p. 2). International Security. The Contemporary Agenda, 2nd ed. Maiden Polity Press.
  • Salgado, B. (2020, p. 1). HybridWar in South America. a definition of veiled political actions.
  • Sayler, K. M. (2020). Artificial intelligence and national security. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC
  • Schmidt, E., Work, B., Catz, S., Chien, S., Darby, C., Ford, K., et al. (2021). National security commission on artificial intelligence (ai). National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1124333
  • Schoen, D. E., & Kaylan, M. (2014, p. 22). The Russia-China Axis. The New Cold War and America s Crisis of Leadership. Encounter Books.
  • Scott, D. (2012). US Strategy in the Pacific – Geopolitical Positioning for the Twenty- First Century. Geopolitics, 17(3), 607–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2011.631200
  • Staff. (2018). “The Rivals,” The Economist, (London, UK: The Economist Group)
  • Suisheng, Z., & Guo, D. (2019). A New Cold War? Causes and Future of the Emerging US- China Rivalry. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 19(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-9-21
  • Sun, D., & Elmahly, H. (2018). NATO vs. SCO: A Comparative Study of Outside Powers’ Military Presence in Central Asia and the Gulf. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 12(4), 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2018.1562594
  • Sweeney, M. (2020). Assessing Chinese Maritime Power. Defence Priorities, October
  • Trenin, D. (2014, p. 55). The Ukraine crisis and the resumption of great-power rivalry. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center.
  • Tsygankov, A. P., Tsygankov, P. A., & Gonzales, H. (2021). Putin’s “Global Hybrid War”: U.S. Experts, Russia, and the Atlantic Council. Russia in Global Affairs, 19(1), 146–172 . https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-1-146-172
  • Weaver, J. (2018). The 2017 National Security Strategy of the United States. Journal of Strategic Security, 11(1), 62–71 . https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.11.1.1655
  • Wheeler, N. J. (2008). `To Put Oneself into the other Fellow’s Place’. International Relations, 22(4), 493–509 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117808097313
  • Woo, P. K. (2015). The Russian Hybrid War in the Ukraine Crisis: Some Characteristics and Implications. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 27(3), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.22883/kjda.2015.27.3.007
  • Zeng, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence and China’s authoritarian governance. International Affairs, 96(6), 1441–1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa172
  • Zheng, Y. (2020). Rediscovering continentalism: the new geographic foundations of Chinese power. International Politics, 58(2), 188– 222. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00206-7

References

  • Adam, S. (2018). “When China Rules the Web,” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com
  • Anand, V. (1999). Impact of technology on conduct of warfare. Strategic Analysis, 23(1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700169908455034
  • Aydintasbas, A., Dumoulin, M., Geranmayeh, E., & Oertel, J. (2022). Rogue NATO: The new face of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. 15th European Council on Foreign Relations. https://intelligence.weforum.org/monitor/latest-knowledge/3dc59e066c534dbaa00c48a3beff3410
  • Babel, W. (2022). Industry 4.0, China 2025, IoT (Internet of Things), AI. In Industry 4.0, China 2025, IoT: The Hype Around the World of Automation. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden., 7-46.
  • Bader, J. (2018, p. 101). US-China Relations: Is It Time to End the Engagement?. Brookings Institution. 100, 10. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/u-s-china-relations-is-it-time-to-end-the-engagement/
  • Brands, H., & Gaddis, J. L. (2021, p. 101). The new cold war: America, China, and the echoes of history. Foreign Aff., 100, 10.
  • Castiel, L. D. (2022). Health in the time of war and peace, in hybrid format. A saúde e a era da guerra e paz em formato híbrido. Cadernos de saude publica, 38(3), e00041222. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00041222
  • Castle, M. A. (2022). How do global trade rules evolve? Strategic sequencing in international economic law. Review of International Political Economy, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2022.2 099949
  • China, S. C. (2019, p. 2). China’s national defense in the New Era. State Council of China. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941d dc6d08408f502283d.html
  • Clinton, H. (2011). Economic Statecraft. Speech at the Economic Club of New York, New York City. 11
  • Corn, T. (2010, p. 5). Peaceful rise through unrestricted warfare. Grand strategy with Chinese characteristics. Small Wars Journal, 5, 1-48. https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/449-corn.pdf
  • Dannreuther, R. (2014, p. 23). International security. The contemporary agenda. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Denning, D. (2017, October 5). Cyberwar: How Chinese Hackers Became a Major Threat to The U.S. Newsweek; Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/chinese-hackers-cyberwar-us-cybersecurity-threat-678378
  • Ebrahimi, M., Gassama, S. K., & Yusoff, K. (2017). THE WAR AGAINST IRAQ BY THE COALITION OF THE WILLING; ITS LEGAL AND MORAL VALIDITY. PONTE International Scientific Research Journal, 73(10). https://doi.org/10.21506/j.ponte.2017.10.23
  • ErÅŸen, E. (2014). Rise of New Centres of Power in Eurasia: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2014.05.003
  • Esteban Merino, G. (2016). Global Tensions, Multipolarity and Power Blocs in a New Phase of the Crisis of World Order. Prospects for Latin America. GEOPOLITICAS-REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE ESPACIO Y PODER, 7(2), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.5209/GEOP.51951
  • Evstafiev, D. G., & Manoilo, A. V. (2021). Hybrid War as a Part of the Post-global World. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, 14(4), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-4-10
  • Flint, C., & Taylor, P. J. (2018, p. 31). Political geography. World-economy, nation-state and locality. Routledge.
  • Ghobakhloo, M. (2020). Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252(119869), 119869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869
  • Green, M. J., & Goodman, M. P. (2015). After TPP: the Geopolitics of Asia and the Pacific. The Washington Quarterly, 38(4), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660x.2015.1125827
  • Harris, M. X. (2020). Pakistan in the Era of Great Power Competition. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2016, p. 29). The contemporary spectrum of conflict: protracted, gray zone, ambiguous, and hybrid modes of war. The Heritage Foundation, 30.
  • Jabbour, E., Dantas, A., & Vadell, J. (2021). Da nova economia do projetamento à globalização instituída pela China. Estudos Internacionais: Revista de Relações Internacionais Da PUC Minas, 9(4), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2317-773X.2021v9n4p90-105
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167–214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Johnson, R. (2017). Hybrid War and Its Countermeasures: A Critique of the Literature. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29(1), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404770
  • Karaganov, S. (2018). The new Cold War and the emerging Greater Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2018.07.002
  • Kissinger, H. (2017). A Plan To Reshape NATO. In European Peace Movements and the Future of the Western Alliance. Routledge, 41-55.
  • Korybko, A. (2015). Hybrid wars. The indirect adaptive approach to regime change. The People’s Friendship University of Russia.
  • Letwin, O. (2021). China Vs America. A Warning. Biteback Publishing.
  • Liang, Q., & Xiangsui, W. (1999). Unrestricted warfare. Beijing. PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House Arts.
  • Liu, J. (2019, p.1). “Worries over Defense Budget Unwarranted,” China Daily. http://global.chinadaily.com.cn.
  • Manoj Kumar, M. V., Sastry, N. K. B., Moonesar, I. A., & Rao, A. (2022). Predicting Universal Healthcare Through Health Financial Management for Sustainable Development in BRICS, GCC, and AUKUS Economic Blocks. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.887225
  • Maser, E., & Strehse, J. S. (2021). Can seafood from marine sites of dumped World War relicts be eaten? Archives of Toxicology, 95(7), 2255–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03045-9
  • Merino, G. (2020, p. 71). La guerra mundial híbrida y el asesinato de Soleimani. Cuadernos de Pensamiento Crítico Latinoamericano,. (71)
  • Merino, G. E. (2022, p. 114). La guerra en Ucrania, un conflicto mundial. Revista Estado y Políticas Públicas (19), 113-140. https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/art_revistas/pr.15053/pr.15053.pdf
  • Merino, G. E. (2023). Hybrid World War and the United States–China rivalry. Frontiers in Political Science, 4 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.1111422
  • Miller, C. (2022, p. 10). Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. New York.
  • Nilanthan, N. (2016). “How Hybrid Warfare Could Change Asia,” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com
  • Nye, J. (2015). The Future of Force. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/modern-warfare-defense-planning-by-joseph-s--nye-2015-02
  • Patel, S. S., & Erickson, T. B. (2022). The new humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: Coping with the public health impact of hybrid warfare, mass migration, and mental health trauma. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.70
  • Poch, R. (2022). Chinese success determines military tension. CTXT
  • Polovyi, M. (2021). Exploitation of the Right to Freedom of Expression for Promoting Pro-Russian Propaganda in Hybrid War. Politeja, 18(2(71)), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.71.09
  • Roland, D. (2017, p. 2). International Security. The Contemporary Agenda, 2nd ed. Maiden Polity Press.
  • Salgado, B. (2020, p. 1). HybridWar in South America. a definition of veiled political actions.
  • Sayler, K. M. (2020). Artificial intelligence and national security. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC
  • Schmidt, E., Work, B., Catz, S., Chien, S., Darby, C., Ford, K., et al. (2021). National security commission on artificial intelligence (ai). National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1124333
  • Schoen, D. E., & Kaylan, M. (2014, p. 22). The Russia-China Axis. The New Cold War and America s Crisis of Leadership. Encounter Books.
  • Scott, D. (2012). US Strategy in the Pacific – Geopolitical Positioning for the Twenty- First Century. Geopolitics, 17(3), 607–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2011.631200
  • Staff. (2018). “The Rivals,” The Economist, (London, UK: The Economist Group)
  • Suisheng, Z., & Guo, D. (2019). A New Cold War? Causes and Future of the Emerging US- China Rivalry. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 19(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-9-21
  • Sun, D., & Elmahly, H. (2018). NATO vs. SCO: A Comparative Study of Outside Powers’ Military Presence in Central Asia and the Gulf. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 12(4), 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2018.1562594
  • Sweeney, M. (2020). Assessing Chinese Maritime Power. Defence Priorities, October
  • Trenin, D. (2014, p. 55). The Ukraine crisis and the resumption of great-power rivalry. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center.
  • Tsygankov, A. P., Tsygankov, P. A., & Gonzales, H. (2021). Putin’s “Global Hybrid War”: U.S. Experts, Russia, and the Atlantic Council. Russia in Global Affairs, 19(1), 146–172 . https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-1-146-172
  • Weaver, J. (2018). The 2017 National Security Strategy of the United States. Journal of Strategic Security, 11(1), 62–71 . https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.11.1.1655
  • Wheeler, N. J. (2008). `To Put Oneself into the other Fellow’s Place’. International Relations, 22(4), 493–509 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117808097313
  • Woo, P. K. (2015). The Russian Hybrid War in the Ukraine Crisis: Some Characteristics and Implications. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 27(3), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.22883/kjda.2015.27.3.007
  • Zeng, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence and China’s authoritarian governance. International Affairs, 96(6), 1441–1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa172
  • Zheng, Y. (2020). Rediscovering continentalism: the new geographic foundations of Chinese power. International Politics, 58(2), 188– 222. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00206-7

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APA

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Akram, Saira, Zohaib Ali Khan, and Muqarrab Akbar. 2023. "Sino-US Conflict in Hybrid World War." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII (II): 58-70 doi: 10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).07

HARVARD

    HARVARD : AKRAM, S., KHAN, Z. A. & AKBAR, M. 2023. Sino-US Conflict in Hybrid World War. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII, 58-70.

MHRA

    MHRA : Akram, Saira, Zohaib Ali Khan, and Muqarrab Akbar. 2023. "Sino-US Conflict in Hybrid World War." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII: 58-70

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    MLA : Akram, Saira, Zohaib Ali Khan, and Muqarrab Akbar. "Sino-US Conflict in Hybrid World War." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII.II (2023): 58-70 Print.

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    OXFORD : Akram, Saira, Khan, Zohaib Ali, and Akbar, Muqarrab (2023), "Sino-US Conflict in Hybrid World War", Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII (II), 58-70

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