Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water
The Water and weather, which is the delicate balance between evaporation and precipitation, is the primary cycle through which climate change is sensed. Scarcities of natural resources, floods, rapidly melting of glaciers along with fast sea-level rising, and storms are worsening or changing as our climate changes, with frequently fatal consequences. Freshwater accounts for only three percent of the total water on the earth, about 2/3 frozen in glaciers and glacial ice. Based on up-to-date climate estimates for the protection of water, we are at the moment passing through a challenging time, and the global population expected to surpass ten billion by 2055 would also be a challenging assignment, particularly for lower developing countries. In this research paper, we focused on some issues generally and particularly in the context of Pak-Afghan relations. Because, despite their geographical, linguistic, regional, religious, and ethnic entanglements, Pakistan and Afghanistan's bilateral ties have seen turbulence. Aside from classic security threats, like terrorism and extremism, foreign military intervention, jihadist Movements, dictatorship, and inter and intra-level wars, Pakistan and Afghanistan are confronted with a serious non-traditional security danger, namely the issue of Climate Change overpopulation.
-
Global Climate Change, Kabul River Basin, Dictatorship, Security Threats
-
(1) Aftab Alam
Ph.D. Scholar, Center for South Asian Studies (CSAS), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Ahmad. (2020, December 2,). Towards Kabul Water Treaty: Water Cooperation for Managing Shared Water Resources: Policy Issues and Options. Time, 9-12
- Ahmad, S. (2010). Towards Kabul Water Treaty: Managing Shared Water. Karachi: IUCN Pakistan
- Ahmar, D. M. (2021, May 23). How to Manage Water Conflicts in Pakistan? The Express TRIBUNE , 10-11.
- Awan, M. H. (2018, July 09). A Pak-Afghan water treaty? THE NEWS, 10-12.
- Azam, S. (2015). Kabul River Treaty: A Necessity for Peace-n-Security between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Peace in South Asia. Gomal University Journal of Research, 134- 145.
- Aziz. (2014). Rainfall-Runoff Modeling of the Trans-Boundary Kabul River. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 10(20), 75-80. http://www.pmd.gov.pk/rnd/rndweb/rnd_ new/journal/vol10_issue20_files/7.pd
- Aziz. (2017, June 10). Need for a Pak-Afghan Treaty on Management of Joint Watercourses. The News, 12-12.
- Aziz, K. (2013, July Monday). Need for a Pak- Afghan Treaty on Management of Joint Watercourses. Criterion Quarterly,. 10-14.
- Campbell, J. (2015) A dry and ravaged land: investigating water resources in Afghanistan. Earth Mag 60(1-2), 48-55.
- Chapman, J. (2017). Conflict and Climate Exacerbate South Asia's Water Crisis. Pacific Council on International Policy, 45- 74.
- Chen. (1960). Indus Waters Treaty 1960, India- Pak.-IBRD. UNITS, 419-423
- Ebrahim, Z. T. (2019, February 10). With Kabul River flows controversy. The News, 10-11.
- Khalid, B. (2018). Benefit of Sharing on Kabul River Basin: Afghanistan-Pakistan Stakeholders . Islamabad: Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD) Pakistan.
- Khan, S., & Pervaz, I. (2014). Brewing Conflict over Kabul River: Policy Options for Legal Framework.
- Macbeth, H. a. (2018, November 2). O rphan River: Water Management of the Kabul River Basin in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Diplomate, 7-9.
- Mahmood. (2018). Prospects for Benefit Sharing in the Trans-Boundary Kabul River Basin: Investigating the Social, Economic and Political Opportunities and Constraints. policy perspective, 23-18.
- Malik, T. (2019). Pak-Afghan water issue A case for benefit- sharing. Policy Perspective, 16(1)1-22. https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted- document?doi=10.13169/polipers.16.1.0077
- Mashal. (2012, December 2).
- Nafees, M., & Khan, S. A. (2015). Construction of Dams on Kabul River and its Socio- Economic Implications for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . Journal of Criminology, 83(1), 16-20.
- Nation, U. (2013). Water Security and the Global Water Agenda. Ontario: University, Ontario.
- Noreen, N. (2015). Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA): Impacts of Militarization and War Crimes on Tribal Women and Children. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 7(4), 129-139.
- Report, B. (2022, March 22). Kabul River water: Dialogue calls for following international law. The News, 6-8
- Salman, S. M. (2006). International Water Disputes: A New Breed of Claims, Claimants, and Settlement Institutions. International Water Resources Association, 2-11.
- Sayal, E. A., & Bukhari, M. (2011). Emerging Climate Changes and Water Resource Situation in Pakistan,. Pakistan Vision, 12(2), 236-254
- WAPDA. (2012). Hydro Potential in Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority.
- Zulfiqa, R. U. (2017). Transboundary Water Issues between Pakistan andAfghanistan. XVI Biennial IASC Conference 10-14. Utrecht: https://www.iasc2017.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/07/13I_Raza- Ullah.pdf.
- Zulfiqar. (2020, December 8). Transboundary Water Issues between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The News, 8-9
- Stanford, B. D., Wright, B., Routt, J. C., Debroux J. F., & Khan S. J. (2014). Water Quality Impacts of Extreme Weather-Related Events. Water Research Foundation; Denver, CO, USA: Water Services Association of Australia; Melbourne, Australia:
- Pollner J., Kryspin-Watson, J., Nieuwejaar, S.,. (2011). Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in Europe and Central Asia. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery; Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank; Washington, DC, USA: Fang C.M., Chhetri N. What have we learned about climate variability and human health? Clim. Vulnerability. Underst. Addressing Threat. Essent. Resour. 2013; 1: 79-86.
- Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. (2011). Building Resilience to Disasters - Delivering Results, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Annual Report 2011. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery; Washington, DC, USA:
- McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., & Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68079- 3
- Ciesielczuk, T., Kusza, G., Poluszyńska, J., & Kochanowska, K. (2014). Pollution of Flooded Arable Soils with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2145-0
- Apisarnthanarak, A., Mundy, L. M., Khawcharoenporn, T., & Mayhall, C. G. (2013). Hospital Infection Prevention and Control Issues Relevant to Extensive Floods. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 34(2), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1086/669094
- Ni, W., Ding, G., Li, Y., Li, H., Liu, Q., & Jiang, B. (2014). Effects of the floods on dysentery in north central region of Henan Province, China from 2004 to 2009. Journal of Infection, 69(5), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.016
- World Health Organization. (2006). Working Together for Health, the World Health Report. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland.
- Ivers, L. C., & Ryan, E. T. (2006). Infectious diseases of severe weather-related and flood-related natural disasters. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 19(5), 408- 414. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qco.0000244044.85 393.9e
- Greenough, G., McGeehin, M., Bernard, S. M., Trtanj, J., Riad, J., & Engelberg, D. (2001). The Potential Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 191. https://doi.org/10.2307/3435009
Cite this article
-
APA : Alam, A. (2021). Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VI(II), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).15
-
CHICAGO : Alam, Aftab. 2021. "Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VI (II): 149-161 doi: 10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).15
-
HARVARD : ALAM, A. 2021. Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VI, 149-161.
-
MHRA : Alam, Aftab. 2021. "Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VI: 149-161
-
MLA : Alam, Aftab. "Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VI.II (2021): 149-161 Print.
-
OXFORD : Alam, Aftab (2021), "Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water", Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VI (II), 149-161
-
TURABIAN : Alam, Aftab. "Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review VI, no. II (2021): 149-161. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).15